Background:
Since its introduction for male infertility, the use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has increased. Concerns include the heritability of infertility, effects of poor-quality spermatozoa on offspring health and epigenetic effects of the ICSI procedure. The long-term health of ICSI-conceived offspring is unclear.
Aim:
Compare reproductive and metabolic health of ICSI-conceived men (aged 18-25 years) to IVF-conceived and spontaneously-conceived (SC) controls.
Method:
This study is part of a project investigating health outcomes and epigenetic profiles of ICSI-conceived men. Age-matched controls were sourced from prior studies. Semen parameters and serum reproductive hormones were compared between 120 ICSI-conceived men and 356 SC controls. Resting blood pressure (BP), BMI, body surface area, and serum metabolic markers were compared between 121 ICSI-conceived, 74 IVF-conceived and 688 SC men.
Results:
Compared with SC controls, ICSI-conceived men had similar sperm output and total motile sperm count but lower mean total (55.3 vs 60.6%, p=0.003) and progressive (44.7 vs 53.9%, p<0.001) sperm motility with higher mean normal sperm morphology (8.5 vs 5.4%, p<0.001). Differences in progressive motility (ß -9.9, 95% CI -16.7- -3.0, p=0.01) and normal morphology (ß 4.3, 95% CI 3.0-5.7, p<0.001) remained significant after adjusting for confounders. ICSI-conceived men were no more likely to have below reference semen parameters. Semen parameters between ICSI fathers and sons were not correlated. Serum reproductive hormones were better in ICSI-conceived men.
ICSI-conceived men compared with SC controls had higher resting diastolic BP and higher homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), but a similar proportion had insulin resistance. Metabolic parameters of ICSI-conceived men and IVF-conceived controls were similar.
Conclusion:
This study is the largest to date and suggests comparable reproductive health of ICSI-conceived men to a population-representative cohort of SC men. Few metabolic differences of unclear significance were observed between ICSI-conceived men, and IVF-conceived and SC controls.